More than 700,000 readers annually worldwide

The Official Journal of the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation

The Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation Newsletter is the official publication of the nonprofit Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation and is published three times per year in Wilmington, Delaware. Contri­butions to the Foundation are tax-deduct­ible. ©Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation, 2025.

The opinions expressed in this Newsletter are not necessarily those of the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation. The APSF neither writes nor promulgates standards, and the opinions expressed herein should not be construed to constitute practice standards or practice parameters. Validity of opinions presented, drug dosages, accuracy, and completeness of content are not guaranteed by the APSF.

APSF Executive Committee 2025:

Daniel J. Cole, MD, President, Los Angeles, CA; Steven B. Greenberg, MD, Vice President, Chicago, IL; Della Lin, MD, Secretary, Honolulu, HI; Douglas A. Bartlett, Treasurer, Boulder, CO; Lynn Reede, DNP, MBA, CRNA, FNAP, Director At-Large, Boston, MA.

APSF Newsletter Editorial Board 2025:

Aalok Agarwala, MD, MBA, Boston, MA; Rahul Baijal, MD, Houston, TX; Jennifer M. Banayan, MD, Chicago, IL; Brad Bavaro, MD, Chicago, IL; JW Beard, MD, Wilmette, IL; Edward A. Bittner, MD, PhD, Boston, MA; Brent Dunworth, DNP, MBA, CRNA, Nashville, TN; John H. Eichhorn, MD, San Jose, CA; Jeff Feldman, MD, Philadelphia, PA; Nikolaus Gravenstein, MD, Gainesville, FL; Steven B. Greenberg, MD, Chicago, IL; Jeffrey Huang, MD, Tampa, FL; Megha Karkera Kanjia, MD, Houston, TX; Paul Lefebvre, JD, Kansas City, MO; Emily Methangkool, MD, MPH, Los Angeles, CA; Tricia A. Meyer, PharmD, Temple, TX; Yong G. Peng, MD, Gainesville, FL; Please see the links of international editors at https://www.apsf.org/about-apsf/board-committees/apsf-newsletter-editorial-board/

Address all general, contributor, and sub­scription correspondence to:

Celestine Brandon, MBA
Project Manager, Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation
P.O. Box 6668
Rochester, MN 55903, U.S.A.
[email protected]

Address Newsletter editorial comments, questions, letters, and suggestions to [email protected]:

Jennifer M. Banayan, MD
Editor

Emily Methangkool, MD, MPH
Editor

Edward A. Bittner, MD, PhD
Associate Editor

Brad Bavaro, MD
Assistant Editor

Brent Dunworth, DNP, MBA, CRNA
Assistant Editor

Wilson Somerville, PhD, Copy Editor

Send contributions to:

Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation
P.O. Box 6668
Rochester, MN 55903, U.S.A.

Or donate online at www.apsf.org/donate/.